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Fleas


The life-cycle of the flea

The life-cycle of the flea is divided into two phases:

1) Parasitic phase - adult fleas feeding and reproducing on the animal.

2) Free-living phase – eggs laid by the adult flea drop off the animal and continue to develop in the environment. The new immature flea then jumps onto an animal and commences the parasitic phase again.

"Life cycle of the flea"

Ctenocephalides felis (the cat flea) must ingest blood in order to reproduce and lay fertile eggs successfully. Once the drop off the animal and hatch, the larvae feed on the feces of adult fleas and also other organic debris.

Flea Reproduction

The immature flea jumps onto the animal and begins to ingest its first blood meal almost immediately. Mating usually occurs within 8 to 24 hours, allowing the laying of eggs within 24 to 28 hours of first infesting the dog or cat (Dryden, 1994). The female flea is capable of laying eggs for an average of 100 days and it has been reported that fleas may live up to 113 days on cats (Dryden, 1995).

The flea’s ability to multiply is phenomenal. The female flea lays, on average, 27 eggs per day over 50 days (a total of 1350 eggs per flea). Most of these eggs are usually laid within the first 10 days of infestation. Approximately 40% of eggs will survive and develop through to the adult. If the female flea survives only one week, she may have laid 162 eggs, of which 65 may develop through to the adult stage within 3 weeks.

The life cycle can be completed in as little as 2-4 weeks under appropriate weather conditions. The following graph illustrates the enormous reproductive capacity of the flea if permitted to multiply uninterrupted on the animal.